Gutunganya amazi mabi arimo aside

Amazi y’amazi ya Acide ni amazi y’amazi afite agaciro ka pH kari munsi ya 6. Ukurikije ubwoko butandukanye hamwe nubunini bwa acide, amazi yanduye acide arashobora kugabanywa mumazi ya acide organic organique hamwe n’amazi yanduye ya aside.Amazi akomeye ya aside hamwe n'amazi mabi ya aside;Amazi y’amazi ya Monoacid n’amazi yanduye ya polyacide;Amazi mabi ya aside irike hamwe namazi menshi ya acide.Ubusanzwe amazi yanduye acide, usibye kuba arimo aside, akenshi aba arimo ion ziremereye hamwe numunyu wazo nibindi bintu byangiza.Amazi y’amazi ya acide aturuka ahantu henshi, harimo kuvoma amabuye y'agaciro, hydrometallurgie, kuzunguruka ibyuma, gutunganya aside hejuru y’ibyuma n’ibyuma bidafite fer, inganda z’imiti, umusaruro wa aside, amarangi, electrolysis, amashanyarazi, fibre artificiel nizindi nzego zinganda.Amazi asanzwe ya acide ni amazi ya sulfurike yamazi, agakurikirwa na aside hydrochloric hamwe namazi ya aside nitric.Buri mwaka, Ubushinwa bugiye gusohora metero kibe miliyoni imwe ya acide y’inganda, niba aya mazi y’imyanda asohotse bitavuwe, bizangiza imiyoboro, byangiza imyaka, byangiza amafi, byangiza amato, kandi byangiza ubuzima bw’ibidukikije.Amazi mabi ya acide yinganda agomba gutunganywa kugirango yujuje ubuziranenge bwigihugu mbere yo gusohora, amazi yanduye arashobora gukoreshwa kandi akongera gukoreshwa.Mugihe cyo kuvura aside imyanda, uburyo bushobora gutoranywa harimo kuvura umunyu, uburyo bwo kwibanda, uburyo bwo kutabuza imiti, uburyo bwo kuvoma, uburyo bwo guhana ion uburyo, uburyo bwo gutandukanya membrane, nibindi.

1. umunyu usubirwamo

Ibyo bita umunyu ni ugukoresha amazi menshi yumunyu wuzuye kugirango ugabanye imyanda hafi ya yose muri acide.Nyamara, ubu buryo buzatanga aside hydrochloric kandi bugire ingaruka ku kugarura no gukoresha aside sulfurike muri aside y’imyanda, bityo hakorwa ubushakashatsi ku buryo bwo gusohora imyanda kama muri aside yanduye hamwe na sodium bisulphate yuzuye.
Acide yimyanda irimo aside sulfurike n’imyanda itandukanye kama, ikaba ahanini ari nkeya ya 6-chloro-3-nitrotoluene-4 ya sulfonique na isomeri zitandukanye uretse 6-chloro-3-nitrotoluene-4-sulfonique ikorwa na toluene muri inzira ya sulfonation, chlorine na nitrification.Uburyo bwo gusohora ni ugukoresha amazi menshi yumunyu wuzuye kugirango ugabanye imyanda hafi ya yose muri acide yimyanda.Uburyo bwo gutunganya imyunyu-umunyu ntibushobora gukuraho gusa imyanda kama itandukanye muri acide yimyanda, ariko kandi irashobora kugarura aside sulfurike kugirango ishyire mubikorwa byizunguruka, bizigama ikiguzi ningufu.

2. Uburyo bwo kotsa

Uburyo bwo kotsa bukoreshwa kuri acide ihindagurika nka acide hydrochloric, itandukanijwe nigisubizo cyo kotsa kugirango igere ku ngaruka zo gukira.

3. Uburyo bwo kutabogama kwimiti

Acide yibanze ya H + (aq) + OH- (aq) = H2O nayo ni ishingiro ryingenzi ryo gutunganya amazi mabi arimo aside.Uburyo busanzwe bwo gutunganya amazi y’amazi arimo aside harimo kutabogama no gutunganya, kutabangikanya amazi y’amazi ashingiye kuri aside, kutabogama ibiyobyabwenge, kutayungurura, n'ibindi. Mu minsi ya mbere y’ibigo bimwe na bimwe by’ibyuma n’ibyuma mu Bushinwa, inyinshi muri zo zakoresheje uburyo bwa aside-base itabogamye kugirango ivure imyanda ya hydrochloric acide na acide sulfurike, kugirango agaciro ka pH kagere kurwego rwo gusohora.Sodium karubone (ivu rya soda), hydroxide ya sodium, hekeste cyangwa lime nkibikoresho fatizo byo kutabogama kwa aside-base, gukoresha muri rusange bihendutse, byoroshye gukora lime.

4. Uburyo bwo kuvoma

Kuvoma amazi-yamazi, bizwi kandi no gukuramo ibishishwa, nigikorwa cyibice gikoresha itandukaniro mugukemura kwibigize mumazi yibikoresho bibisi mumashanyarazi akwiye kugirango bigere kubitandukanya.Mu gutunganya amazi y’amazi arimo aside, birakenewe ko amazi y’amazi arimo aside hamwe n’umusemburo wa organic uhura neza, kugirango umwanda uri muri acide yimyanda wimurwe.Ibisabwa gukuramo ni: (1) kuri acide yimyanda iba inert, ntabwo ikora imiti hamwe na acide yimyanda, kandi ntishobora gushonga muri aside;.(3) Igiciro kirahendutse kandi cyoroshye kubona;(4) Biroroshye gutandukanya umwanda, igihombo gito mugihe wiyambuye.Ibikururwa bisanzwe birimo benzene (toluene, nitrobenzene, chlorobenzene), fenolike (creosote crude diphenol), hydrocarbone ya halogene (trichloroethane, dichloroethane), isopropyl ether na N-503.

5. uburyo bwo guhana ion uburyo

Ihame shingiro ryo kuvura imyanda ya aside irike ikoresheje ion yo guhanahana amakuru ni uko imyanda imwe yo guhana ion ishobora gukuramo aside kama ikomoka kumyunyu ngugu wa aside kandi ikanakuramo aside organic organique hamwe nu munyu wicyuma kugirango bigere kuri acide zitandukanye nu munyu.

6. uburyo bwo gutandukanya membrane

Kumazi ya aside irike, uburyo bwo kuvura membrane nka dialyse na electrodialysis nabyo birashobora gukoreshwa.Membrane isubirana aside imyanda ahanini ifata ihame rya dialyse, iterwa no gutandukanya ibitekerezo.Igikoresho cyose kigizwe na diffuzion dialyse membrane, isahani itanga amazi, isahani ishimangira, ikariso yamashanyarazi, nibindi, kandi igera ku ngaruka zo gutandukanya ibintu bitandukanya imyanda.

7. uburyo bwo gukonjesha uburyo

Gukonjesha uburyo bwo gukonjesha nuburyo bwo kugabanya ubushyuhe bwigisubizo no kugusha igisubizo.Ikoreshwa mugikorwa cyo gutunganya imyanda ya acide ko umwanda uri muri acide yimyanda ukonjeshwa kugirango ugarure aside aside yujuje ibisabwa kandi irashobora kongera gukoreshwa.Kurugero, imyanda ya sulfurike isohoka muri acyl-yoza uruganda ruzengurutsa irimo sulfate ferrous nyinshi, ivurwa nuburyo bwo guhuriza hamwe-korohereza no kuyungurura.Nyuma yo gukuraho sulfate ferrous ukoresheje kuyungurura, aside irashobora gusubizwa muburyo bwo gufata ibyuma kugirango bikomeze gukoreshwa.
Cooling kristallisation ifite inganda nyinshi zikoreshwa mu nganda, zerekanwa hano nuburyo bwo gutoragura mu gutunganya ibyuma.Muburyo bwo gutunganya ibyuma nubukanishi, igisubizo cya acide sulfurike gikoreshwa mugukuraho ingese hejuru yicyuma.Kubwibyo, gutunganya imyanda ya aside irashobora kugabanya cyane ibiciro no kurengera ibidukikije.Cooling crystallisation ikoreshwa munganda kugirango ugere kuriyi nzira.

8. Uburyo bwa Oxidation

Ubu buryo bwakoreshejwe igihe kirekire, kandi ihame ni ukurandura umwanda kama muri aside sulfurike yangiza imyanda ya okiside mu bihe bikwiye, kugirango ishobore guhinduka dioxyde de carbone, amazi, okiside ya azote, nibindi, na, gutandukana na acide sulfurike, kugirango imyanda ya sulfurike isukure kandi isubizwe.Okiside ikoreshwa cyane ni hydrogen peroxide, aside nitric, aside perchlorike, aside hypochlorous, nitrate, ozone nibindi.Buri oxydeire ifite ibyiza byayo kandi bigarukira.