Imiti n'uburyo bwo gukura azote ya ammonia mu mazi

1.Azote ya ammonia ni iki?

Azote ya Ammonia yerekeza kuri ammonia mu buryo bwa ammonia yigenga (cyangwa ammonia itari ionic, NH3) cyangwa ammonia yigenga (NH4+). pH iri hejuru n'igice kinini cya ammonia yigenga; Ibinyuranye n'ibyo, igice cy'umunyu wa ammonia kiri hejuru.

Azote ya Ammonia ni intungamubiri iri mu mazi, ishobora gutuma amazi agabanuka cyane, kandi ni yo ihumanya ikirere cyane mu mazi, ikaba ari uburozi ku mafi no ku binyabuzima bimwe na bimwe byo mu mazi.

Ingaruka mbi nyamukuru za azote ya amoniya ku binyabuzima byo mu mazi ni ammoniya yigenga, uburozi bwayo buruta inshuro nyinshi umunyu wa ammoniya, kandi bwiyongera uko alkalinite yiyongera. Uburozi bwa azote ya amoniya bufitanye isano rya hafi n'agaciro ka pH n'ubushyuhe bw'amazi mu mazi yo mu kidendezi, muri rusange, uko pH n'ubushyuhe bw'amazi byiyongera, niko uburozi burushaho gukomera.

Uburyo bubiri bwo gupima imiterere y’amabara bukunze gukoreshwa mu kumenya amoniya ni uburyo bwa kera bwa Nessler reagent na phenol-hypochlorite. Uburyo bwo gupima imiterere n’amashanyarazi nabyo bikunze gukoreshwa mu kumenya amoniya; Iyo ammonia ingano ya azote iri hejuru, uburyo bwo gupima imiterere y’amabara bushobora no gukoreshwa. (Amahame ngenderwaho y’igihugu arimo uburyo bwa Nath reagent, salicylic acid spectrophotometry, distillation – titration method)

2. Uburyo bwo gukuraho azote mu buryo bw'umubiri n'ubutabire

① Uburyo bwo kuvura hakoreshejwe imiti

Uburyo bwo kuvura hakoreshejwe imiti, buzwi kandi nka MAP precipitation method, ni ugushyiramo manyeziyumu na aside fosforike cyangwa hydrogen fosfeti mu mazi yanduye arimo azote ya ammonia, kugira ngo NH4+ mu mazi yanduye ihuze na Mg+ na PO4- mu gisubizo cy'amazi kugira ngo habeho amonia manyeziyumu fosfeti, formula ya molekile ni MgNH4P04.6H20, kugira ngo intego yo gukuraho azote ya ammonia igerweho. Fosfeti ya ammonia ya manyeziyumu, izwi cyane nka struvite, ishobora gukoreshwa nk'ifumbire mvaruganda, inyongeramusaruro y'ubutaka cyangwa ikintu kidakoresha umuriro mu kubaka ibintu byubatswe. Ingano y'ibisubizo ni iyi ikurikira:

Mg++ NH4 + + PO4 – = MgNH4P04

Ibintu by'ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku ngaruka zo kuvura imvura ya shimi ni pH, ubushyuhe, ingano ya azote ya amoniya n'ikigereranyo cya molar (n(Mg+) : n(NH4+) : n(P04-)). Ibisubizo bigaragaza ko iyo pH ari 10 naho ikigereranyo cya molar cya manyeziyumu, azote na fosifore kikaba 1.2:1:1.2, ingaruka zo kuvura ziba nziza kurushaho.

Hakoreshejwe magnesium chloride na disodium hydrogen phosphate nk'ibintu bitera imbaraga, ibisubizo bigaragaza ko ingaruka zo kuvura ziba nziza iyo pH iri 9.5 naho igipimo cya molar cya magnesium, azote na fosifore kikaba 1.2:1:1.

Ibisubizo bigaragaza ko MgC12+Na3PO4.12H20 iruta izindi mvange z’ibintu bitera amazi. Iyo pH iri 10.0, ubushyuhe ni 30℃, n(Mg+) : n(NH4+) : n(P04-)= 1:1:1, ubwinshi bwa azote ya ammonia mu mazi yanduye nyuma yo kuyavanga mu minota 30 buragabanuka buva kuri 222mg/L mbere yo kuyatunganya bukagera kuri 17mg/L, kandi igipimo cyo kuyakuraho ni 92.3%.

Uburyo bwo kuvura amazi hakoreshejwe imiti n'uburyo bwo kuvura amazi hakoreshejwe membrane y'amazi byahujwe kugira ngo bivure amazi yanduye ya amoniya akomoka mu nganda afite ubwinshi bwinshi. Mu gihe cyo kunoza uburyo bwo kuvura amazi, igipimo cyo gukuraho amoniya akomokamo cyageze kuri 98.1%, hanyuma uburyo bwo kuvura hakoreshejwe filime y'amazi bwagabanije igipimo cya amoniya akomokamo kugeza kuri 0.005g/L, bigera ku gipimo cy'igihugu cy'ibyuka bihumanya.

Ingaruka zo gukuraho ions z'icyuma za divalent (Ni+, Mn+, Zn+, Cu+, Fe+) zitari Mg+ kuri azote ya ammonia bitewe n'imikorere ya fosifate zarasuzumwe. Hatanzwe uburyo bushya bwo gukuraho imvura ya CaSO4 precipitation-MAP ku mazi ya ammoniamu sulfate. Ibisubizo bigaragaza ko uburyo busanzwe bwo kugenzura NaOH bushobora gusimburwa na lime.

Akamaro k'uburyo bwo kuvura hakoreshejwe imiti ni uko iyo amazi yanduye ya amoniya ari menshi, ikoreshwa ry'ubundi buryo riba rike, nko gukoresha uburyo bwa biyoloji, gukoresha uburyo bwo gufunga chlorine, gukoresha uburyo bwo gutandukanya membrane, gukoresha uburyo bwo guhinduza ayoni, nibindi. Muri iki gihe, uburyo bwo kuvura hakoreshejwe imiti bushobora gukoreshwa mbere yo kuvura. Uburyo bwo gukuramo uburyo bwo kuvura hakoreshejwe imiti ni bwiza kurushaho, kandi ntibugengwa n'ubushyuhe, kandi imikorere ni yoroshye. Umucanga urimo magnesium ammonium phosphate ushobora gukoreshwa nk'ifumbire mvaruganda kugira ngo haboneke ikoreshwa ry'imyanda, bityo ugabanye igice cy'ikiguzi; Iyo ushobora guhuzwa n'inganda zimwe na zimwe zikora amazi yanduye ya fosifore n'ibigo bikora umunyu, bishobora kuzigama ikiguzi cy'imiti no koroshya ikoreshwa ryabyo ku bwinshi.

Ingorane zo gukoresha uburyo bwo kuvura hakoreshejwe imiti ni uko bitewe n’uko phosphate ya ammonium magnesium idashobora gushonga neza, nyuma y’uko azote ya ammonia mu mazi yanduye igeze ku rugero runaka, ingaruka zo kuyikuraho ntizigaragara kandi ikiguzi cyo kuyishyiramo kiriyongera cyane. Kubwibyo, uburyo bwo kuvura hakoreshejwe imiti bugomba gukoreshwa hamwe n’ubundi buryo bukwiriye mu buvuzi bugezweho. Ingano y’ibikoresho bikoreshwa ni nini, umwanda ukorwa ni munini, kandi ikiguzi cyo kuyivura ni kinini. Kwinjizwa kwa iyoni za kloride na fosifore isigaye mu gihe cyo gutanga imiti bishobora gutera umwanda woroshye.

Umucuruzi n'Umucuruzi wa Aluminium Sulfate ku Bucuruzi Bunini | EVERBRIGHT (cnchemist.com)

Umucuruzi n'umutanga Dibasic Sodium Phosphate ku bucuruzi bwinshi | EVERBRIGHT (cnchemist.com)

②uburyo bwo kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'ibiyobyabwenge

Uburyo bwo gukuraho azote ya amoniya hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo guhumeka ni uguhindura agaciro ka pH kakajya kuri alkaline, kugira ngo iyoni ya amoniya iri mu mazi yanduye ihindurwe ammoniya, bityo ikabaho cyane cyane mu buryo bwa ammoniya yigenga, hanyuma iyo ammoniya yigenga ikavanwa mu mazi yanduye binyuze muri iyo gazi, kugira ngo intego yo gukuraho azote ya amoniya igerweho. Ibintu by'ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku mikorere myiza yo guhumeka ni agaciro ka pH, ubushyuhe, igipimo cya gaze-amazi, umuvuduko w'amazi, urugero rw'ibanze n'ibindi. Kuri ubu, uburyo bwo guhumeka bukoreshwa cyane mu kuvura amazi yanduye afite azote ya amoniya yiyongera cyane.

Uburyo bwo gukuraho azote ya amoniya mu myanda hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kuyikuraho bwakozwe. Byagaragaye ko ibintu by'ingenzi bigenzura imikorere y'imyanda ari ubushyuhe, igipimo cya gazi n'amazi n'agaciro ka pH. Iyo ubushyuhe bw'amazi burenze 2590, igipimo cya gazi n'amazi ni hafi 3500, na pH ikaba hafi 10.5, igipimo cyo kuyikuraho gishobora kugera ku kigero kirenga 90% ku myanda ivamo imyanda aho azote ya amoniya iri hagati ya 2000-4000mg/L. Ibisubizo bigaragaza ko iyo pH = 11.5, ubushyuhe bwo kuyikuraho ari 80cC kandi igihe cyo kuyikuraho ari iminota 120, igipimo cyo kuyikuraho cya azote ya amoniya mu mazi mabi gishobora kugera kuri 99.2%.

Ubushobozi bwo guhumeka amazi yanduye amoniya afite ubunini bwinshi bwakozwe hakoreshejwe umunara uhumeka ukoresheje amashanyarazi. Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko ubushobozi bwo guhumeka bwiyongereye uko pH yiyongera. Uko ikigereranyo cya gaz-liquid kirushaho kuba kinini, ni ko imbaraga zo guhumeka amoniya ziyongera, kandi ubushobozi bwo guhumeka nabwo buriyongera.

Gukuraho azote ya amoniya hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo guhumeka ni ingirakamaro, biroroshye gukoresha kandi biroroshye kugenzura. Azote ya amoniya ihumetse ishobora gukoreshwa nk'ikintu gifata aside sulfuriki, kandi aside sulfuriki ikomokamo ishobora gukoreshwa nk'ifumbire. Uburyo bwo guhumeka ni ikoranabuhanga rikoreshwa cyane mu gukuraho azote ifatika n'iya shimi muri iki gihe. Ariko, uburyo bwo guhumeka bufite ingaruka mbi zimwe na zimwe, nko gukurura kenshi mu munara wo guhumeka, gukuraho azote ya amoniya mu bushyuhe buke, hamwe n'umwanda uterwa n'umwuka wo guhumeka. Uburyo bwo guhumeka muri rusange buhuzwa n'ubundi buryo bwo gutunganya amazi ya amoniya azote kugira ngo havurwe amazi ya amoniya azote afite ubucucike bwinshi.

③Kugabanya chlorine mu gice cy'amazi

Uburyo bwo gukuraho amoniya hakoreshejwe chlorine ya break point ni uko gaze ya chlorine ihura na amoniya igatanga gaze ya azote idapfa, maze N2 igasohoka mu kirere, bigatuma isoko y’inyigo ikomeza iburyo. Inzira y’inyigo ni iyi:

HOCl NH4 + + 1.5 – > 0.5 N2 H20 H++ Cl – 1.5 + 2.5 + 1.5)

Iyo umwuka wa chlorine wimuwe mu mazi yanduye ukagera ahantu runaka, ingano ya chlorine yigenga mu mazi iba iri hasi, kandi igipimo cya ammonia kiba ari zeru. Iyo ingano ya chlorine irenze iyo ngingo, ingano ya chlorine yigenga mu mazi irazamuka, bityo, iyo ngingo yitwa break point, naho chlorine muri iyi mimerere yitwa break point chlorination.

Uburyo bwo gukamura chlorine bukoreshwa mu kuvura amazi yanduye yo gucukura nyuma yo gukamura azote ya amoniya, kandi ingaruka zo kuvura zigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku buryo bwo gukamura azote ya amoniya mbere yo kuvura. Iyo 70% bya azote ya amoniya mu mazi yanduye bikuweho hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gukamura hanyuma bigatunganywa na chlorine ya break point, ingano ya azote ya amoniya mu myanda iba iri munsi ya 15mg/L. Zhang Shengli n'abandi bafashe amazi ya azote ya amoniya yifashishijwe mu buryo bwa simultane afite uburemere bwa 100mg/L nk'intego y'ubushakashatsi, kandi ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi byagaragaje ko ibintu by'ingenzi n'iby'inyongera bigira ingaruka ku gukuraho azote ya amoniya binyuze mu gukamura sodium hypochlorite ari ingano ya chlorine na azote ya amoniya, igihe cyo gukora, n'agaciro ka pH.

Uburyo bwo gukamura chlorine bufite ubushobozi bwo gukuraho azote, igipimo cyo kuyikuramo gishobora kugera ku 100%, kandi igipimo cya ammonia mu mazi yanduye gishobora kugabanuka kugeza kuri zeru. Ingaruka ni nziza kandi ntizibangamirwa n'ubushyuhe; Ibikoresho bike by'ishoramari, igisubizo cyihuse kandi cyuzuye; Bugira ingaruka zo gusukura no kwica udukoko ku mubiri w'amazi. Uburyo bwo gukoresha uburyo bwo gukamura chlorine ni uko igipimo cy'amazi ya ammonia azote ari munsi ya 40mg/L, bityo uburyo bwo gukamura chlorine bukoreshwa cyane cyane mu kuvura amazi ya ammonia azote. Gukoresha no kubika neza ni byinshi, ikiguzi cyo kuyitunganya ni kinini, kandi chloramine n'ibindi bikomoka kuri chlorine bizatera umwanda w'inyongera.

Uburyo bwa ④catalytic oxidation

Uburyo bwo gukaranga umwuka hakoreshejwe catalyst ni ugukoresha catalyst, munsi y'ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko runaka, binyuze mu gukaranga umwuka, ibintu bikomoka ku bimera na ammonia mu myanda bishobora gukaranga umwuka no gushonga bikavamo ibintu bitangiza ubuzima nka CO2, N2 na H2O, kugira ngo bigerweho mu gusukura.

Ibintu bigira ingaruka ku ngaruka za catalytic oxidation ni imiterere ya catalyst, ubushyuhe, igihe cyo gukora, agaciro ka pH, ingano ya amoniya azote, igitutu, imbaraga zo gukangura n'ibindi.

Uburyo bwo kwangirika kwa azote ya ammonia ya ozone bwakoreweho ubushakashatsi. Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko iyo agaciro ka pH kiyongereye, hakozwe ubwoko bwa H2O ifite ubushobozi bukomeye bwo gushonga, kandi igipimo cyo gushonga cyihuta cyane. Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko ozone ishobora gushonga azote ya ammonia ikaba nitrite na nitrite ikaba nitrate. Igipimo cya azote ya ammonia mu mazi kigabanuka uko igihe kigenda cyiyongera, kandi igipimo cyo gukuraho azote ya ammonia kiba hafi 82%. CuO-Mn02-Ce02 yakoreshejwe nk'umusemburo uhuza ibintu byinshi mu kuvura amazi ya azote ya ammonia. Ibisubizo by'igerageza bigaragaza ko imikorere ya oxidation ya azote nshya yateguwe yarushijeho kuba myiza cyane, kandi imiterere ikwiye y'imikorere ni 255℃, 4.2MPa na pH = 10.8. Mu kuvura amazi ya azote ya ammonia hamwe n'igipimo cya mbere cya 1023mg/L, igipimo cyo gukuraho azote ya ammonia gishobora kugera kuri 98% mu minota 150, kikagera ku gipimo cy'igihugu cya kabiri (50mg/L).

Umusaruro wa fotokatalisiti ya TiO2 ishyigikiwe na zeolite wasuzumwe hifashishijwe zeolite hifashishijwe fotokatalisiti ya TiO2 ikoreshwa na zeolite, wasuzumwe hifashishijwe igipimo cyo kwangirika kwa azote ya ammonia mu gisubizo cya aside sulfuriki. Ibisubizo bigaragaza ko igipimo cyiza cya fotokatalisiti ya Ti02/zeolite ari 1.5g/L kandi igihe cyo gukora ni amasaha 4 munsi y'imirasire ya ultraviolet. Igipimo cyo gukuraho azote ya ammonia mu mazi mabi gishobora kugera kuri 98.92%. Ingaruka zo gukuraho icyuma kinini na dioxyde nano-chin munsi y'urumuri rwa ultraviolet kuri azote ya phenol na ammonia zasuzumwe. Ibisubizo bigaragaza ko igipimo cyo gukuraho azote ya ammonia kiri kuri 97.5% iyo pH = 9.0 ishyizwe mu gisubizo cya azote ya ammonia ifite igipimo cya 50mg/L, ari 7.8% na 22.5% hejuru y'icya icyuma kinini cyangwa dioxyde ya Chine yonyine.

Uburyo bwo gukaranga amazi bufite akamaro ko gutunganya amazi neza, koroshye kuyatunganya, ubuso buto bwo hasi, nibindi, kandi bukunze gukoreshwa mu kuvura amazi ya amoniya azote afite ubucucike bwinshi. Ikibazo cyo kuyakoresha ni uburyo bwo kwirinda gutakaza ibikoresho birwanya ingese no kurinda ingese.

⑤uburyo bwo gutwika amashanyarazi

Uburyo bwo gusohora amazi hakoreshejwe electrochemical oxidation bivuga uburyo bwo gukuraho imyanda mu mazi hakoreshejwe electrooxidation hamwe n'ibikorwa bya catalytic. Ibintu bigira ingaruka ni ubucucike bw'amazi, umuvuduko w'amazi yinjira, igihe cyo gusohora amazi n'igihe cyo kuyasubiza.

Inyigo ku bijyanye no gushonga k’amazi yanduye ya ammonia-azote mu ngirabuzimafatizo zizenguruka mu buryo bw’amashanyarazi, aho amashanyarazi meza ari Ti/Ru02-TiO2-Ir02-SnO2, naho amashanyarazi mabi akaba Ti. Ibisubizo bigaragaza ko iyo ingano ya chloride ion ari 400mg/L, ingano ya mbere ya ammonia azote ari 40mg/L, ingano y’amazi yavuyemo ni 600mL/min, ubucucike bw’amazi ni 20mA/cm, naho igihe cya electrolytic kikaba iminota 90, ingano ya ammonia azote ni 99.37%. Bigaragaza ko amashanyarazi ya ammonia-azote afite amahirwe menshi yo kuyakoresha.

3. Uburyo bwo gukuraho azote mu binyabuzima

①nitrification yose hamwe na denitrification

Uburyo bwo gutunganya nitrification no kugabanya nitrification mu buryo bwose ni ubwoko bw'uburyo bwa biyoloji bumaze igihe kinini bukoreshwa cyane muri iki gihe. Buhindura azote ya ammonia mu mazi yanduye mo azote binyuze mu buryo butandukanye bwo gukora nk'uko nitrification no kugabanya nitrification binyuze mu bikorwa bya mikorobe zitandukanye, kugira ngo bugere ku ntego yo gutunganya amazi yanduye. Uburyo bwo gutunganya nitrification no kugabanya nitrification kugira ngo azote ya ammonia ikureho bugomba kunyura mu byiciro bibiri:

Uburyo bwo gutanga nitrizing: Uburyo bwo gutanga nitrizing bukorwa n'udukoko twitwa "aerobic autotrophic microorganisms". Mu gihe cy'ubuzima bwo gukora nitrizing, azote idakomoka ku binyabuzima ikoreshwa nk'isoko ya azote kugira ngo ihindure NH4+ muri NO2-, hanyuma igahinduka NO3-. Uburyo bwo gutanga nitrizing bushobora kugabanywamo ibice bibiri. Mu cyiciro cya kabiri, nitriti ihindurwamo nitrate (NO3-) binyuze mu gukora nitrizing bagiteri, naho nitriti igahindurwamo nitrate (NO3-) binyuze mu gukora nitrizing bagiteri.

Uburyo bwo kugabanya ubushyuhe: Uburyo bwo kugabanya ubushyuhe ni uburyo bagiteri zigabanya ubushyuhe bwa nitrite azote na nitrite azote ihinduka azote ikomoka ku mwuka (N2) mu gihe umuntu afite ikibazo cyo kubura ubushyuhe. Bagiteri zigabanya ubushyuhe ni bagiteri zikomoka ku bwoko bwa heterotrophic, inyinshi muri zo zikaba ari iza bagiteri zikomoka ku mfuruka. Mu gihe umuntu afite ikibazo cyo kubura ubushyuhe, zikoresha ogisijeni muri nitrate nk'igikoresho cyo kwakira electron n'ibintu bikomoka ku bimera (BOD component mu myanda) nk'umutanga electron kugira ngo zitange ingufu kandi zigatuzwe kandi zigatuzwe.

Uburyo bwose bwo gukoresha nitrification no sénitrification burimo cyane cyane AO, A2O, oxidation ditch, nibindi, ubu buryo bukaba bumaze igihe kinini bukoreshwa mu nganda zikuraho azote mu binyabuzima.

Uburyo bwose bwo gupima no kugabanya nitrification bufite ibyiza byo kugira ingaruka zihamye, gukora byoroshye, nta mwanda ukurikiraho kandi igiciro gito. Ubu buryo bufite kandi ingorane zimwe na zimwe, nko ko isoko ya karuboni igomba kongerwamo iyo igipimo cya C/N mu mazi yanduye kiri hasi, ubushyuhe busabwa ni buke, ubushobozi ni buke ku bushyuhe buke, ahantu ni hanini, ogisijeni ikenewe ni nini, kandi bimwe mu bintu byangiza nk'iyoni zikomeye bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku dukoko duto, tugomba gukurwaho mbere y'uko uburyo bwa biyoloji bukorwa. Byongeye kandi, igipimo kinini cya azote ya ammonia mu mazi yanduye nacyo kigira ingaruka ku buryo bwo kugabanya nitrification. Kubwibyo, hagomba gukorwa mbere yo gutunganya amazi ya azote ya ammonia afite ubucucike bwinshi ku buryo igipimo cy'amazi ya azote ya ammonia kiri munsi ya 500mg/L. Uburyo gakondo bwa biyoloji bukwiriye mu gutunganya amazi ya azote ya ammonia afite ubucucike buke arimo ibintu bikomoka ku bimera, nk'imyanda yo mu ngo, amazi yanduye ya shimi, nibindi.

②Gupima nitrification no kugabanya nitrification icyarimwe (SND)

Iyo nitrification na denitrification bikorerwa hamwe muri reactor imwe, byitwa ihindagurika ry’igogora ry’amazi icyarimwe (SND). Ogisijeni ishongeshejwe mu mazi yanduye igabanywa n’umuvuduko w’ikwirakwizwa kugira ngo itange ogisijeni ishongeshejwe mu gace k’ibidukikije ku duce duto tw’ibinyabuzima duto cyangwa biofilm, ibyo bigatuma ogisijeni ishongeshejwe ku buso bwo hanze bwa microbial floc cyangwa biofilm ifasha mu gukura no gukwirakwira kwa bagiteri zitanga nitrification na bagiteri zitanga amoniya. Uko floc cyangwa membrane byinjira mu duce duto, ni ko ubwinshi bwa ogisijeni ishongeshejwe bugabanuka, bigatuma habaho agace ka anoxique aho bagiteri zitanga nitrification ziganza. Bityo bigatuma habaho igogora ry’amazi icyarimwe no gukwirakwiza nitrification. Ibintu bigira ingaruka ku igogora ry’amazi icyarimwe no gukwirakwiza nitrification ni agaciro ka PH, ubushyuhe, alkalinity, isoko ya karuboni isanzwe, ogisijeni ishongeshejwe n’igihe cy’umwanda.

Nitrification/denitrification byabereye icyarimwe mu mwobo wa Carrousel, kandi ubwinshi bwa ogisijeni yashongeshejwe hagati y’impeller y’umwuka mu mwobo wa Carrousel bwaragabanutse buhoro buhoro, kandi ogisijeni yashongeshejwe mu gice cyo hasi cy’uwo mwobo wa Carrousel yari hasi ugereranyije n’iyo mu gice cyo hejuru. Iterambere n’ikoreshwa rya azote ya nitrate muri buri gice cy’uwo mwobo hafi ya yose, kandi ubwinshi bwa azote ya ammonia mu mwobo buri gihe buba buri hasi cyane, ibyo bikaba bigaragaza ko nitrification na denitrification reactions bibaho icyarimwe mu mwobo wa Carrousel oxidation.

Inyigo ku isuku y'imyanda yo mu ngo igaragaza ko iyo CODCr ibaye nyinshi, ari nako ikoreshwa neza mu kugabanya umwuka uhumanya ikirere, kandi TN ikawukuramo neza. Ingaruka za ogisijeni ishonga ku kugabanya umwuka uhumanya ikirere icyarimwe ni nziza cyane. Iyo ogisijeni ishonga igenzuwe kuri 0.5 ~ 2mg / L, ingaruka zose zo gukuraho azote ziba nziza. Muri icyo gihe, uburyo bwo kugabanya umwuka uhumanya ikirere butuma icyuma kizigama, bugabanya igihe cyo gukora, bukoresha ingufu nke, buzigama ishoramari, kandi byoroshye gutuma pH igumana agaciro kayo.

③Igogora ry'ibiryo ritagenda neza kandi ridafite oxygen

Muri iyo reactor imwe, bagiteri zikora oxidizing za ammonia zikoreshwa mu kugabanya amonia muri nitrite mu gihe cy’ikirere, hanyuma nitrite igahinduka drosée kugira ngo ikore azote ifite ibintu bikomoka ku binyabuzima cyangwa isoko ya karuboni yo hanze nk'umutanga electron mu gihe cy’ibura ry’amazi. Ibintu bitera nitrifiée y’igihe gito na drosée ni ubushyuhe, ammonia yigenga, agaciro ka pH na ogisijeni ishongeshejwe.

Ingaruka z'ubushyuhe ku ikoreshwa ry'amazi mabi yo mu mujyi adafite amazi yo mu nyanja n'amazi mabi yo mu mujyi akoresha amazi yo mu nyanja 30%. Ibisubizo by'igerageza bigaragaza ko: ku mazi mabi yo mu mujyi adafite amazi yo mu nyanja, kongera ubushyuhe bituma habaho ikoreshwa ry'amazi mabi yo mu muhanda adafite amazi yo mu nyanja. Iyo igipimo cy'amazi yo mu nyanja mu myanda yo mu ngo ari 30%, ikoreshwa ry'amazi mabi yo mu muhanda rishobora kugerwaho neza mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe buringaniye. Kaminuza y'ikoranabuhanga ya Delft yateguye inzira ya SHARON, gukoresha ubushyuhe bwinshi (hafi 30-4090) bituma bagiteri za nitrite ziyongera, bityo bagiteri za nitrite zitakaza ubushobozi bwo guhangana nazo, mu gihe hagenzurwa imyaka y'imyanda kugira ngo haveho bagiteri za nitrite, bityo igisubizo cya nitrite mu cyiciro cya nitrite.

Hashingiwe ku itandukaniro riri hagati ya bagiteri za nitrite na bagiteri za nitrite, Laboratwari ya Gent Microbial Ecology yashyizeho uburyo bwa OLAND bwo kugera ku kwirundanya kwa azote ya nitrite binyuze mu kugenzura ogisijeni yashongeshejwe kugira ngo ikureho bagiteri za nitrite.

Ibisubizo by'igerageza ry'igerageza ry'uburyo amazi yanduye yo mu mazi akoreshwa mu guteka hakoreshejwe nitrification y'igihe gito na denitrification bigaragaza ko iyo igipimo cya COD, azote ya ammonia, TN na phenol kiri kuri 1201.6,510.4,540.1 na 110.4mg/L, igipimo cy'imyanda ya COD, azote ya ammonia, TN na phenol ari 197.1,14.2,181.5 na 0.4mg/L. Igipimo cy'imyanda gihuye nacyo cyari 83.6%,97.2%, 66.4% na 99.6%.

Uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza nitrite mu ntera ngufi no kuyihindura ikirere ntiburanyura mu cyiciro cya nitrite, bigatuma amazi akoreshwa mu gukuraho azote mu buryo bw’ibinyabuzima. Ifite inyungu zimwe na zimwe ku mazi ya amoniya azote afite igipimo gito cya C/N. Gukwirakwiza nitrite mu ntera ngufi no kuyihindura ikirere bifite ibyiza byo kuba bike mu byondo, igihe gito cyo gukora no kuzigama ingano y’ibikoresho bya reactor. Ariko, gukwirakwiza nitrite mu ntera ngufi no kuyihindura ikirere bisaba ko nitrite yiyongera kandi irambye, bityo uburyo bwo gukumira neza imikorere ya bagiteri zihindura nitrite buba ingenzi.

④ Oxidation ya ammonia idafite aerobiki

Kugabanya umwuka wa anaerobic ni inzira yo kugabanya umwuka wa ammonia muri azote binyuze muri bagiteri zikora ku buryo butaziguye mu gihe cy’ibura ry’umwuka, aho azote ya nitrojeni cyangwa azote ya nitrojeni nk’ikintu gitanga electron.

Ingaruka z'ubushyuhe na PH ku bikorwa bya biyoloji bya anammoX zarasuzumwe. Ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi byagaragaje ko ubushyuhe bwiza bwo gukora isuzuma ari 30°C naho agaciro ka pH kari 7.8. Uburyo bwo gukora isuzuma rya ammoX ya anaerobic mu kuvura umunyu mwinshi n'amazi yanduye ya azote menshi bwarasuzumwe. Ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi byagaragaje ko umunyu mwinshi wabujije cyane imikorere ya ammoX, kandi uku kubuza kwasubiwemo. Umurimo wa ammox ya anaerobic y'ibitaka bitarasuzumwe wari munsi ya 67.5% ugereranije n'uwa sludge igenzurwa munsi y'ubushyuhe bwa 30g.L-1 (NaC1). Umurimo wa ammoX w'ibitaka byasuzumwe wari munsi ya 45.1% ugereranije n'uwa sludge igenzurwa. Igihe ibitaka byasuzumwe byavanwaga mu kirere gifite umunyu mwinshi bikajya mu kirere gifite umunyu muto (nta mazi y'umunyu), imikorere ya ammoX ya anaerobic yongereweho 43.1%. Ariko, imikorere y'iyi reactor iragabanuka iyo ikoze mu munyu mwinshi igihe kirekire.

Ugereranyije n'uburyo busanzwe bwo mu binyabuzima, ammoX idafite umwuka ni ikoranabuhanga rihendutse cyane ryo gukuraho azote mu binyabuzima ridafite isoko y'inyongera ya karuboni, ogisijeni nke ikenewe, nta mpamvu yo kugabanya ibintu bikoreshwa mu gukamura, kandi nta musaruro muke w'imyanda ikorwa. Ingaruka mbi za ammox idafite umwuka ni uko umuvuduko w'ikoreshwa ry'imyanda ugenda buhoro, ingano y'imashini ikora imyanda ni nini, kandi isoko ya karuboni ntirikwiriye amMOX idafite umwuka, ibi bikaba bifite akamaro gakomeye mu gukemura amazi ya amoniya azote kandi nta kubora neza.

4. Uburyo bwo gukuraho azote no kuyikuramo

① uburyo bwo gutandukanya uturemangingo

Uburyo bwo gutandukanya uturemangingo ni ugukoresha uburyo bwo gutandukanya ibice bigize amazi mu buryo butoranijwe, kugira ngo hagerwe ku ntego yo gukuraho azote ya amoniya. Harimo reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, deammoniating membrane na electrodialysis. Ibintu bigira ingaruka ku gutandukanya uturemangingo ni imiterere y’uturemangingo, igitutu cyangwa voltage, pH, ubushyuhe n’ingano ya azote ya amoniya.

Dukurikije ubuziranenge bw'amazi y'amazi ya amoniya azote asohorwa n'icyuma gishongesha ibintu kidasanzwe, igerageza rya reverse osmosis ryakozwe hifashishijwe NH4C1 na NaCI byifashishijwe mu buryo bwa simulation. Byagaragaye ko muri ubwo buryo, reverse osmosis ifite igipimo cyo hejuru cyo gukuraho NaCI, mu gihe NHCl ifite igipimo cyo hejuru cyo gukora amazi. Igipimo cyo gukuraho NH4C1 ni 77.3% nyuma yo kuvurwa reverse osmosis, gishobora gukoreshwa mu kuvura amazi ya amoniya azote mbere yo kuyavura. Ikoranabuhanga rya reverse osmosis rishobora kuzigama ingufu, ubushyuhe buhamye, ariko kurwanya chlorine, no kurwanya ihumana ni bike.

Uburyo bwo gutandukanya ingirabuzimafatizo za nanofiltration bwakoreshejwe mu kuvura imyanda yavuye mu myanda, ku buryo 85% ~ 90% by'amazi ashobora kwinjiramo byavanywemo hakurikijwe ibipimo ngenderwaho, kandi 0% ~ 15% gusa by'amazi y'imyanda n'ibyondo byasubijwe mu kigega cy'imyanda. Ozturki n'abandi bavumbuye ingirabuzimafatizo zavuye mu myanda ya Odayeri muri Turukiya bakoresheje ingirabuzimafatizo za nanofiltration, kandi igipimo cyo gukuraho azote ya ammonia cyari hafi 72%. Ingirabuzimafatizo za nanofiltration zisaba umuvuduko muto ugereranije n'ingirabuzimafatizo za reverse osmosis, byoroshye gukora.

Sisitemu yo gukuraho amoniya ikoreshwa cyane mu gutunganya amazi yanduye hakoreshejwe azote nyinshi ya amoniya. Azote ya amoniya iri mu mazi ifite ubuziranenge bukurikira: NH4- + OH-= NH3+H2O ikora, amazi yanduye arimo amoniya atembera mu gikonoshwa cya module ya membrane, naho amazi akura aside atembera mu muyoboro wa module ya membrane. Iyo PH y'amazi yanduye yiyongereye cyangwa ubushyuhe buzamutse, uburinganire buzahindukira iburyo, maze iyoni ya amoniya NH4- iba NH3 y'umwuka wigenga. Muri iki gihe, NH3 y'umwuka ishobora kwinjira mu gice cy'amazi akura aside mu muyoboro uhereye ku gice cy'amazi yanduye mu gikonoshwa unyuze mu mikorobe iri ku buso bw'umuyoboro w'amazi, unyurwa n'umuti wa aside ugahita uba NH4- ionic. PH y'amazi yanduye ikomeze kuba hejuru ya 10, n'ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya 35 ° C (munsi ya 50 ° C), kugira ngo NH4 mu gice cy'amazi yanduye ikomeze kuba NH3 kugeza ku kigero cy'amazi akura. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ubwinshi bwa azote ya ammonia mu mazi yanduye bwaragabanutse buri gihe. Igice cy'amazi yo kwinjiza aside, kubera ko hariho aside na NH4- gusa, bikora umunyu wa ammonia mwiza cyane, kandi bikagera ku rugero runaka nyuma yo gutembera mu mazi yanduye buri gihe, ushobora kongera gukoreshwa. Ku ruhande rumwe, gukoresha ubu buryo bishobora kunoza cyane igipimo cyo gukuraho azote ya ammonia mu mazi yanduye, kandi ku rundi ruhande, bishobora kugabanya ikiguzi cyose cy'imikorere y'uburyo bwo gutunganya amazi yanduye.

②uburyo bwa electrodialysis

Electrodialysis ni uburyo bwo gukuramo ibintu bikomeye byashongeshejwe mu bisubizo by'amazi hakoreshejwe voltage hagati y'ibice bibiri by'urukiramende. Mu gihe cy'imbaraga z'amashanyarazi, iyoni za amoniya n'izindi iyoni ziri mu mazi yanduye ya amoniya na azote bikungahazwa binyuze mu rukiramende ruri mu mazi arimo amoniya, kugira ngo bigere ku ntego yo kubikuraho.

Uburyo bwo gutunganya amazi yanduye hakoreshejwe electrodialysis bwakoreshejwe mu kuvura amazi yanduye adafite umwimerere hamwe n’ubwinshi bwa azote ya amoniya kandi bwageze ku musaruro mwiza. Ku mazi yanduye ya azote ya amoniya angana na 2000-3000mg /L, igipimo cyo gukuramo azote ya amoniya gishobora kuba kirenga 85%, kandi amazi ya ammoniya yikubisemo ashobora kuboneka kuri 8.9%. Ingano y'amashanyarazi akoreshwa mu gihe cyo gutunganya amazi yanduye ingana n'ingano ya azote ya amoniya iri mu mazi yanduye. Uburyo bwo gutunganya amazi yanduye hakoreshejwe electrodialysis ntibugengwa n'agaciro ka pH, ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko, kandi biroroshye kuyakoresha.

Ibyiza byo gutandukanya membrane ni ukugarura azote ya amoniya ku rugero rwo hejuru, gukora byoroshye, ingaruka nziza zo kuyitunganya no kutagira umwanda wa kabiri. Ariko, mu kuvura amazi yanduye ya azote ya amoniya afite ubucucike bwinshi, usibye membrane idafunze, izindi membrane zoroshye kuziba, kandi kongera kuvugurura no koza inyuma ni kenshi, byongera ikiguzi cyo kuyitunganya. Kubwibyo, ubu buryo burakwiriye cyane mu kuvura mbere cyangwa amazi yanduye ya azote ya amoniya afite ubucucike buke.

③ Uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza iyoni

Uburyo bwo guhinduranya ayoni ni uburyo bwo gukuraho azote ya ammonia mu mazi yanduye hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bifite ubushobozi bwo gukurura ayoni ya ammonia. Ibikoresho bikunze gukoreshwa mu gukurura ayoni ni karuboni, zeolite, montmorillonite na resin yo guhinduzanya. Zeolite ni ubwoko bwa silico-aluminate bufite imiterere y’ahantu hatatu, imiterere isanzwe y’imyenge n’imyobo, muri byo clinoptilote ifite ubushobozi bwo gukurura ayoni ya ammonia kandi ikaba ifite igiciro gito, bityo ikunze gukoreshwa nk'ibikoresho byo gukurura ayoni ya ammonia mu by’ubuhanga. Ibintu bigira ingaruka ku ngaruka zo kuvura clinoptilote birimo ingano y’uduce, ubwinshi bwa azote ya ammonia, igihe cyo gukorana, agaciro ka pH n'ibindi.

Ingaruka zo kuvoma kwa zeolite kuri azote ya amoniya ziragaragara, hagakurikiraho ranite, kandi ingaruka z'ubutaka na ceramisite ni mbi. Uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo gukura azote ya amoniya muri zeolite ni uguhinduranya ayoni, kandi ingaruka zo kuvoma ku mubiri ni nto cyane. Ingaruka zo guhinduranya ayoni za ceramite, ubutaka na ranite zisa n'ingaruka zo kuvoma ku mubiri. Ubushobozi bwo kuvoma bw'ibice bine byuzuza bwaragabanutse hamwe n'ubwiyongere bw'ubushyuhe buri hagati ya 15-35℃, kandi bwiyongera hamwe n'ubwiyongere bwa pH buri hagati ya 3-9. Uburinganire bwo kuvoma bwagezweho nyuma y'amasaha 6 yo kuzunguruka.

Ububasha bwo gukuraho azote ya ammonia mu myanda yakuwemo hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa zeolite adsorption bwakozwe. Ibisubizo by'igerageza bigaragaza ko buri garama ya zeolite ifite ubushobozi buke bwo kwinjiza azote ya ammonia ya 15.5mg, iyo ingano y'uduce twa zeolite ari 30-16 mesh, igipimo cyo gukuraho azote ya ammonia kigera kuri 78.5%, kandi munsi y'igihe kimwe cyo kwinjiza, urugero n'ingano y'uduce twa zeolite, uko ingano ya azote ya ammonia ikomeye iba nyinshi, niko igipimo cyo kwinjiza kiri hejuru, kandi birashoboka ko zeolite nk'umuyoboro w'amazi ikura azote ya ammonia mu myanda. Muri icyo gihe, byagaragajwe ko igipimo cyo kwinjiza azote ya ammonia na zeolite kiri hasi, kandi biragoye ko zeolite igera ku bushobozi bwo kwinjiza amazi mu buryo bufatika.

Ingaruka zo gukuraho ikirere cya zeolite ku nzoga, COD n'ibindi bihumanya ikirere mu myanda yo mu cyaro byifashishijwe mu buryo bwa "biologique zeolite bed" zakoreweho ubushakashatsi. Ibisubizo bigaragaza ko igipimo cyo gukuraho azote ya amoniya hakoreshejwe ikirere cya zeolite bed kiri hejuru ya 95%, kandi gukuraho azote ya nitrate bigira ingaruka cyane ku gihe cyo gutura mu mazi.

Uburyo bwo guhinduranya iyoni bufite ibyiza byo gushora imari nto, uburyo bworoshye bwo gukora, uburyo bworoshye bwo gukora, kudahangayikishwa n'uburozi n'ubushyuhe, no kongera gukoresha zeolite mu kuvugurura. Ariko, iyo uvura amazi ya amoniya agizwe n'ibice byinshi bya azote, kuvugurura bibaho kenshi, ibyo bikaba bitera ingorane mu gukora, bityo bigomba guhuzwa n'ubundi buryo bwo kuvura azote ya ammoniya, cyangwa bigakoreshwa mu kuvura amazi ya amoniya agizwe n'ibice bike bya azote.

Uruganda n'umucuruzi wa Zeolite 4A ku bucuruzi bwinshi | EVERBRIGHT (cnchemist.com)