Kuvura amazi mabi arimo aside

Amazi yanduye aside ni amazi mabi afite agaciro ka pH kari munsi ya 6. Dukurikije ubwoko butandukanye n'ingano ya aside, amazi mabi aside ashobora kugabanywamo aside idakomoka ku bimera n'amazi mabi ya aside organic. Amazi mabi ya aside akomeye n'amazi mabi ya aside adakomoka ku bimera; Amazi mabi ya aside imwe n'amazi mabi ya aside polyacid; Amazi mabi ya aside afite uburemere buke n'amazi mabi ya aside menshi. Ubusanzwe amazi mabi ya aside, uretse kuba arimo aside imwe, akenshi aba arimo ions zikomeye z'ibyuma n'imyunyu yayo n'ibindi bintu byangiza. Amazi mabi ya aside aturuka ahantu henshi hatandukanye, harimo gucukura imiyoboro y'amazi, gukoresha hydrometallurgy, gukurura ibyuma, gutunganya aside hejuru y'icyuma n'ibyuma bitari ferrous, inganda zikora imiti, gukora aside, irangi, gukoresha electrolysis, gukoresha electroplating, fibres z'ubukorano n'izindi nganda. Amazi mabi asanzwe ni aside sulfure, agakurikirwa na aside hydrochloric na aside nitrique. Buri mwaka, Ubushinwa bugiye gusohora hafi metero kibe miliyoni imwe z'aside y'inganda, niba ayo mazi mabi asohotse nta kuvugururwa, azangiza imiyoboro, yangiza imyaka, yangiza amafi, yangiza amato, kandi akangiza ubuzima bw'ibidukikije. Amazi yanduye aside yo mu nganda agomba gutunganywa kugira ngo yuzuze amahame ngenderwaho y’igihugu yo gusohora mbere yo gusohora, amazi yanduye aside ashobora kongera gukoreshwa no kongera gukoreshwa. Mu gutunganya aside imyanda, uburyo bushobora gutoranywa burimo kuvura umunyu, uburyo bwo gukusanya, uburyo bwo kugabanya ubushyuhe mu binyabutabire, uburyo bwo gukuramo, uburyo bwo guhinduranya irangi rya ion, uburyo bwo gutandukanya membrane, nibindi.

1. kongera gukoresha umunyu mu buryo bwo kongera gukoresha

Icyo bita gusiga umunyu ni ugukoresha amazi menshi y’umunyu yuzuye kugira ngo habeho imyanda hafi ya yose iri muri aside imyanda. Ariko, ubu buryo buzatanga aside hydrochloric kandi bugire ingaruka ku kugarura no gukoresha aside sulfurike muri aside imyanda, bityo uburyo bwo gukuramo umunyu mu myanda hakoreshejwe umuti wa sodium bisulfate wuzuye bwakoreweho ubushakashatsi.
Aside imyanda irimo aside sulfuriki n'imyanda itandukanye ya organic, ahanini ikaba ari ingano nto ya aside sulfuriki ya 6-chloro-3-nitrotoluene-4 hamwe na isomeri zitandukanye zitari aside 6-chloro-3-nitrotoluene-4-sulfuriki ikorwa na toluini mu gikorwa cyo kuyitunganya, kuyitunganya no kuyishyiramo nitrifini. Uburyo bwo kuyitunganya ni ugukoresha amazi menshi y'umunyu yuzuye kugira ngo habeho imyanda hafi ya yose ya organic muri aside imyanda. Uburyo bwo kuyitunganya bushobora gukuraho imyanda itandukanye ya organic muri aside imyanda gusa, ahubwo bunagarura aside sulfuriki kugira ngo ishyirwe mu bikorwa, bigatuma amafaranga n'ingufu bigabanuka.

2. Uburyo bwo guteka

Uburyo bwo guteka bukoreshwa kuri aside ihindagurika nka aside hydrochloric, itandukanywa n'umuti binyuze mu guteka kugira ngo igarure umusaruro.

3. Uburyo bwo kugabanya ubukana bw'imiti

Uburyo bw'ibanze bwo kuvura amazi yanduye arimo aside H+(aq)+OH-(aq)=H2O ni ishingiro ry'ingenzi mu kuvura amazi yanduye arimo aside. Uburyo busanzwe bwo kuvura amazi yanduye arimo aside burimo kugabanya no kongera kuyakoresha, kugabanya aside, kugabanya imiti, kugabanya aside, nibindi. Mu ntangiriro z'ibigo bimwe na bimwe by'ibyuma mu Bushinwa, byinshi muri byo byakoreshaga uburyo bwo kugabanya aside kugira ngo bivure imyanda ya aside hydrochloric na aside sulfuric pickling, ku buryo pH igera ku gipimo cyo gusohora. Sodium carbonate (soda ash), sodium hydroxide, limestone cyangwa lime nk'ibikoresho fatizo byo kugabanya aside, ikoreshwa muri rusange rirahendutse, ryoroshye gukora lime.

4. Uburyo bwo gukuramo

Gukuramo amazi n'amazi, bizwi kandi nka gukuramo solvent, ni igikorwa gikoresha itandukaniro mu gushonga kw'ibice biri mu mazi fatizo mu gikoresho gikwiye kugira ngo bitandukanywe. Mu kuvura amazi mabi arimo aside, ni ngombwa ko amazi mabi arimo aside n'umusemburo w'umwimerere bikorana neza, kugira ngo imyanda iri muri aside imyanda yimurwe muri solvent. Ibisabwa mu gukurura ni ibi bikurikira: (1) kuko aside imyanda idakora, ntikorana na aside imyanda mu buryo bwa shimi, kandi ntishonga muri aside imyanda; (2) Imyanda iri muri aside imyanda ifite coefficient yo kugabanya cyane muri dractant na aside sulfure; (3) Igiciro ni gito kandi cyoroshye kubona; (4) Byoroshye gutandukanya imyanda, igihombo gito iyo uyikuyemo. Imyanda ikunze gukurwamo irimo benzene (toluene, nitrobenzene, chlorobenzene), phenols (creosote crude diphenol), halogenated hydrocarbons (trichloroethane, dichloroethane), isopropyl ether na N-503.

5. Uburyo bwo guhinduza irangi rya iyoni

Ihame ry'ibanze ryo kuvura imyanda y'ibinyabutabire bya aside organic hakoreshejwe resin ihinduranya ayoni ni uko amwe mu maresini ahinduranya ayoni ashobora kwinjiza aside organic mu gisubizo cya aside imyanda kandi akavanamo aside inorganic n'umunyu w'icyuma kugira ngo habeho gutandukanya aside n'umunyu bitandukanye.

6. uburyo bwo gutandukanya uturemangingo

Ku bijyanye n'imyanda ikomoka ku ruhu, uburyo bwo kuvura imyanda nka dialysis na electrodialysis nabwo bushobora gukoreshwa. Gusubiza aside imyanda mu ruhu ahanini bifashishije ihame rya dialysis, riterwa n'itandukaniro ry'ubwinshi bw'ibipimo. Igikoresho cyose kigizwe na dialysis membrane, plate isohora amazi, plate ikomeza imbaraga, frame y'plate isohora amazi, nibindi, kandi bigatanga ingaruka zo gutandukanya ibintu mu mazi.

7. uburyo bwo gukonjesha kristali

Uburyo bwo gukonjesha kristale ni uburyo bwo kugabanya ubushyuhe bw'umuti no gutuma ushonga neza. Mu gikorwa cyo gutunganya aside imyanda, imyanda iri muri aside imyanda ikonjeshwa kugira ngo umuti wa aside wujuje ibisabwa ushobore kongera gukoreshwa. Urugero, aside sulfurike iva mu gikorwa cyo koza aside mu ruganda rukora ibintu birimo ferrous sulfate nyinshi, ivurwa n'uburyo bwo gukaraba no kuyungurura. Nyuma yo gukuraho ferrous sulfate binyuze mu kuyungurura, aside ishobora gusubizwa mu gikorwa cyo gukaraba icyuma kugira ngo ikomeze gukoreshwa.

Gukonjesha kristali bifite akamaro kenshi mu nganda, nk'uko bigaragazwa hano n'uburyo bwo gusya icyuma mu gutunganya ibyuma. Mu buryo bwo gutunganya ibyuma no mu mashini, umuti wa aside sulfurike ukunze gukoreshwa mu gukuraho ingese ku buso bw'icyuma. Kubwibyo, kongera gukoresha aside imyanda bishobora kugabanya cyane ikiguzi no kurengera ibidukikije. Gukonjesha kristali bikoreshwa mu nganda kugira ngo bigere kuri iyi gahunda.

8. Uburyo bwo gusiga ogisijeni

Ubu buryo bumaze igihe kirekire bukoreshwa, kandi ihame ni uguhindura imyanda y’ibinyabuzima iri muri aside sulfure imyanda hakoreshejwe ogisijeni mu bihe bikwiye, kugira ngo ibashe guhinduka dioxyde de carbone, amazi, oxyde de azote, nibindi, hanyuma bitandukanywe na aside sulfure, kugira ngo aside sulfure imyanda ibashe gutunganywa no kugaruzwa. Ogisijeni zikunze gukoreshwa ni peroxide ya hydrogen, aside nitrique, aside perchloric, aside hypochlorous, nitrate, ozone nibindi. Buri ogisijeni ifite ibyiza n’imbogamizi zayo.